Copyright © 1994-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
This document describes the obsolete level two annotation interface implemented in older gdb versions.
To produce obsolete level two annotations, start gdb with the
--annotate=2 option.
Annotations start with a newline character, two ‘control-z’ characters, and the name of the annotation. If there is no additional information associated with this annotation, the name of the annotation is followed immediately by a newline. If there is additional information, the name of the annotation is followed by a space, the additional information, and a newline. The additional information cannot contain newline characters.
Any output not beginning with a newline and two ‘control-z’ characters denotes literal output from gdb. Currently there is no need for gdb to output a newline followed by two ‘control-z’ characters, but if there was such a need, the annotations could be extended with an ‘escape’ annotation which means those three characters as output.
A simple example of starting up gdb with annotations is:
$ gdb --annotate=2
GNU GDB 5.0
Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License,
and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it
under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty"
for details.
This GDB was configured as "sparc-sun-sunos4.1.3"
^Z^Zpre-prompt
(gdb)
^Z^Zprompt
quit
^Z^Zpost-prompt
$
Here ‘quit’ is input to gdb; the rest is output from gdb. The three lines beginning ‘^Z^Z’ (where ‘^Z’ denotes a ‘control-z’ character) are annotations; the rest is output from gdb.
The level two annotations mechanism is known to have a number of technical and architectural limitations. As a consequence, in 2001, with the release of gdb 5.1 and the addition of gdb/mi, the annotation interface was marked as deprecated.
This chapter discusses the known problems.
The annotation interface works by interspersing markups with gdb normal command-line interpreter output. Unfortunately, this makes the annotation client dependant on not just the annotations, but also the cli output. This is because the client is forced to assume that specific gdb commands provide specific information. Any change to gdb's cli output modifies or removes that information and, consequently, likely breaks the client.
Since the gdb/mi output is independent of the cli, it does not have this problem.
The annotation interface relies on value annotations (see Value Annotations) and the display mechanism as a way of obtaining up-to-date value information. These mechanisms are not scalable.
In a graphical environment, where many values can be displayed simultaneously, a serious performance problem occurs when the client tries to first extract from gdb, and then re-display, all those values. The client should instead only request and update the values that changed.
The gdb/mi Variable Objects provide just that mechanism.
The annotation interface assumes that a variable's value can only be changed when the target is running. This assumption is not correct. A single assignment to a single variable can result in the entire target, and all displayed values, needing an update.
The gdb/mi Variable Objects include a mechanism for efficiently reporting such changes.
The gdb/mi interface includes a dedicated test directory (gdb/gdb.mi), and any addition or fix to gdb/mi must include testsuite changes.
The annotation mechanism was implemented by interspersing cli print statements with various annotations. As a consequence, any cli output change can alter the annotation output.
Since the gdb/mi output is independent of the cli, and the gdb/mi is increasingly implemented independent of the cli code, its long term maintenance is much easier.
By using the ‘interp mi’ command, it is possible for annotation clients to invoke gdb/mi commands, and hence access the gdb/mi. By doing this, existing annotation clients have a migration path from this obsolete interface to gdb/mi.
To issue a command to gdb without affecting certain aspects of the state which is seen by users, prefix it with ‘server ’. This means that this command will not affect the command history, nor will it affect gdb's notion of which command to repeat if <RET> is pressed on a line by itself.
The server prefix does not affect the recording of values into the value
history; to print a value without recording it into the value history,
use the output command instead of the print command.
Value Annotations have been removed. gdb/mi instead provides Variable Objects.
When a value is printed in various contexts, gdb uses annotations to delimit the value from the surrounding text.
If a value is printed using print and added to the value history,
the annotation looks like
^Z^Zvalue-history-begin history-number value-flags
history-string
^Z^Zvalue-history-value
the-value
^Z^Zvalue-history-end
where history-number is the number it is getting in the value history, history-string is a string, such as ‘$5 = ’, which introduces the value to the user, the-value is the output corresponding to the value itself, and value-flags is ‘*’ for a value which can be dereferenced and ‘-’ for a value which cannot.
If the value is not added to the value history (it is an invalid float
or it is printed with the output command), the annotation is similar:
^Z^Zvalue-begin value-flags
the-value
^Z^Zvalue-end
When gdb prints an argument to a function (for example, in the output
from the backtrace command), it annotates it as follows:
^Z^Zarg-begin
argument-name
^Z^Zarg-name-end
separator-string
^Z^Zarg-value value-flags
the-value
^Z^Zarg-end
where argument-name is the name of the argument,
separator-string is text which separates the name from the value
for the user's benefit (such as ‘=’), and value-flags and
the-value have the same meanings as in a
value-history-begin annotation.
When printing a structure, gdb annotates it as follows:
^Z^Zfield-begin value-flags
field-name
^Z^Zfield-name-end
separator-string
^Z^Zfield-value
the-value
^Z^Zfield-end
where field-name is the name of the field, separator-string
is text which separates the name from the value for the user's benefit
(such as ‘=’), and value-flags and the-value have the
same meanings as in a value-history-begin annotation.
When printing an array, gdb annotates it as follows:
^Z^Zarray-section-begin array-index value-flags
where array-index is the index of the first element being
annotated and value-flags has the same meaning as in a
value-history-begin annotation. This is followed by any number
of elements, where is element can be either a single element:
‘,’ whitespace ; omitted for the first element the-value ^Z^Zelt
or a repeated element
‘,’ whitespace ; omitted for the first element the-value ^Z^Zelt-rep number-of-repetitions repetition-string ^Z^Zelt-rep-end
In both cases, the-value is the output for the value of the element and whitespace can contain spaces, tabs, and newlines. In the repeated case, number-of-repetitions is the number of consecutive array elements which contain that value, and repetition-string is a string which is designed to convey to the user that repetition is being depicted.
Once all the array elements have been output, the array annotation is ended with
^Z^Zarray-section-end
Value Annotations have been removed. gdb/mi instead provides a number of frame commands.
Frame annotations are no longer available. The gdb/mi provides ‘-stack-list-arguments’, ‘-stack-list-locals’, and ‘-stack-list-frames’ commands.
Whenever gdb prints a frame, it annotates it. For example, this applies
to frames printed when gdb stops, output from commands such as
backtrace or up, etc.
The frame annotation begins with
^Z^Zframe-begin level address
level-string
where level is the number of the frame (0 is the innermost frame, and other frames have positive numbers), address is the address of the code executing in that frame, and level-string is a string designed to convey the level to the user. address is in the form ‘0x’ followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not depend on the language). The frame ends with
^Z^Zframe-end
Between these annotations is the main body of the frame, which can consist of
^Z^Zfunction-call
function-call-string
where function-call-string is text designed to convey to the user that this frame is associated with a function call made by gdb to a function in the program being debugged.
^Z^Zsignal-handler-caller
signal-handler-caller-string
where signal-handler-caller-string is text designed to convey to the user that this frame is associated with whatever mechanism is used by this operating system to call a signal handler (it is the frame which calls the signal handler, not the frame for the signal handler itself).
This can optionally (depending on whether this is thought of as interesting information for the user to see) begin with
^Z^Zframe-address
address
^Z^Zframe-address-end
separator-string
where address is the address executing in the frame (the same
address as in the frame-begin annotation, but printed in a form
which is intended for user consumption—in particular, the syntax varies
depending on the language), and separator-string is a string
intended to separate this address from what follows for the user's
benefit.
^Z^Zframe-function-name
function-name
^Z^Zframe-args
arguments
where function-name is the name of the function executing in the frame, or ‘??’ if not known, and arguments are the arguments to the frame, with parentheses around them (each argument is annotated individually as well, see Value Annotations).
If source information is available, a reference to it is then printed:
^Z^Zframe-source-begin
source-intro-string
^Z^Zframe-source-file
filename
^Z^Zframe-source-file-end
:
^Z^Zframe-source-line
line-number
^Z^Zframe-source-end
where source-intro-string separates for the user's benefit the reference from the text which precedes it, filename is the name of the source file, and line-number is the line number within that file (the first line is line 1).
If gdb prints some information about where the frame is from (which library, which load segment, etc.; currently only done on the RS/6000), it is annotated with
^Z^Zframe-where
information
Then, if source is to actually be displayed for this frame (for example,
this is not true for output from the backtrace command), then a
source annotation (see Source Annotations) is displayed. Unlike
most annotations, this is output instead of the normal text which would be
output, not in addition.
Display Annotations have been removed. gdb/mi instead provides Variable Objects.
When gdb is told to display something using the display command,
the results of the display are annotated:
^Z^Zdisplay-begin
number
^Z^Zdisplay-number-end
number-separator
^Z^Zdisplay-format
format
^Z^Zdisplay-expression
expression
^Z^Zdisplay-expression-end
expression-separator
^Z^Zdisplay-value
value
^Z^Zdisplay-end
where number is the number of the display, number-separator is intended to separate the number from what follows for the user, format includes information such as the size, format, or other information about how the value is being displayed, expression is the expression being displayed, expression-separator is intended to separate the expression from the text that follows for the user, and value is the actual value being displayed.
When gdb prompts for input, it annotates this fact so it is possible to know when to send output, when the output from a given command is over, etc.
Different kinds of input each have a different input type. Each
input type has three annotations: a pre- annotation, which
denotes the beginning of any prompt which is being output, a plain
annotation, which denotes the end of the prompt, and then a post-
annotation which denotes the end of any echo which may (or may not) be
associated with the input. For example, the prompt input type
features the following annotations:
^Z^Zpre-prompt
^Z^Zprompt
^Z^Zpost-prompt
promptcommandscommands
command. The annotations are repeated for each command which is input.
overload-choicequeryprompt-for-continueset height 0 to disable
prompting. This is because the counting of lines is buggy in the
presence of annotations.
^Z^Zquit
This annotation occurs right before gdb responds to an interrupt.
^Z^Zerror
This annotation occurs right before gdb responds to an error.
Quit and error annotations indicate that any annotations which gdb was
in the middle of may end abruptly. For example, if a
value-history-begin annotation is followed by a error, one
cannot expect to receive the matching value-history-end. One
cannot expect not to receive it either, however; an error annotation
does not necessarily mean that gdb is immediately returning all the way
to the top level.
A quit or error annotation may be preceded by
^Z^Zerror-begin
Any output between that and the quit or error annotation is the error message.
Warning messages are not yet annotated.
Breakpoint Annotations have been removed. gdb/mi instead provides breakpoint commands.
The output from the info breakpoints command is annotated as follows:
^Z^Zbreakpoints-headers
header-entry
^Z^Zbreakpoints-table
where header-entry has the same syntax as an entry (see below) but instead of containing data, it contains strings which are intended to convey the meaning of each field to the user. This is followed by any number of entries. If a field does not apply for this entry, it is omitted. Fields may contain trailing whitespace. Each entry consists of:
^Z^Zrecord
^Z^Zfield 0
number
^Z^Zfield 1
type
^Z^Zfield 2
disposition
^Z^Zfield 3
enable
^Z^Zfield 4
address
^Z^Zfield 5
what
^Z^Zfield 6
frame
^Z^Zfield 7
condition
^Z^Zfield 8
ignore-count
^Z^Zfield 9
commands
Note that address is intended for user consumption—the syntax varies depending on the language.
The output ends with
^Z^Zbreakpoints-table-end
The following annotations say that certain pieces of state may have changed.
^Z^Zframes-invalidbacktrace command) may
have changed.
^Z^Zbreakpoints-invalid
When the program starts executing due to a gdb command such as
step or continue,
^Z^Zstarting
is output. When the program stops,
^Z^Zstopped
is output. Before the stopped annotation, a variety of
annotations describe how the program stopped.
^Z^Zexited exit-status^Z^Zsignalled^Z^Zsignalled, the
annotation continues:
intro-text
^Z^Zsignal-name
name
^Z^Zsignal-name-end
middle-text
^Z^Zsignal-string
string
^Z^Zsignal-string-end
end-text
where name is the name of the signal, such as SIGILL or
SIGSEGV, and string is the explanation of the signal, such
as Illegal Instruction or Segmentation fault.
intro-text, middle-text, and end-text are for the
user's benefit and have no particular format.
^Z^Zsignalsignalled, but gdb is
just saying that the program received the signal, not that it was
terminated with it.
^Z^Zbreakpoint number^Z^Zwatchpoint numberThe following annotation is used instead of displaying source code:
^Z^Zsource filename:line:character:middle:addr
where filename is an absolute file name indicating which source file, line is the line number within that file (where 1 is the first line in the file), character is the character position within the file (where 0 is the first character in the file) (for most debug formats this will necessarily point to the beginning of a line), middle is ‘middle’ if addr is in the middle of the line, or ‘beg’ if addr is at the beginning of the line, and addr is the address in the target program associated with the source which is being displayed. addr is in the form ‘0x’ followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not depend on the language).
The following annotations report thread related changes of state.
^Z^Znew-thread^Z^Zthread-changedthread command, or as a result of execution,
e.g., another thread hits a breakpoint.
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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.