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operator and (operand1, operand2: Boolean) = Result: Boolean; |
operator and (operand1, operand2: integer type) = Result: integer type; |
procedure and (var operand1: integer type; operand2: integer type); |
In GNU Pascal, `and' has three built-in meanings:
By default, `and' acts as a short-circuit operator in GPC: If the first operand is `False', the second operand is not evaluated because the result is already known to be `False'. You can change this to complete evaluation using the `--no-short-circuit' command-line option or the `{$B+}' compiler directive.
The logical `and' operator is defined in ISO-7185 Pascal.
According to ISO, you cannot rely on `and' being a short-circuit operator. On the other hand, GPC's default behaviour does not contradict the ISO standard. (See section 9.9 and_then.) However, since it seems to be a de-facto standard among ISO Pascal compilers to evaluate both operands of `and', GPC switches to `--no-short-circuit' mode if one of the language dialect options selecting ISO Pascal, for instance `--extended-pascal', is given. Use `--short-circuit' to override.
Use of `and' as a bitwise operator for integers is a Borland Pascal extension.
Use of `and' as a "procedure" is a GNU extension.
program AndDemo; var a, b, c: Integer; begin if (a = 0) and (b = 0) then { logical `and' } c := 1 else if a and b = 0 then { bitwise `and' } c := 2 else and (c, a) { same as `c := c and a' } end. |
Note the difference between the logical `and' and the bitwise `and': When `a' is 2 and `b' is 4, then `a and b' is 0. Beware: `a and b = 0' has nothing to do with `(a = 0) and (b = 0)'!
Since bitwise `and' has a higher priority than the `=' operator, parentheses are needed in `if (a = 0) and (b = 0)' because otherwise `0 and b' would be calculated first, and the remainder would cause a parse error.
section 9.9 and_then, section 9.8 and then, section 9.180 or, section 9.308 xor, section 8.3 Operators.
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